Torque (τ)

  • Torque is a force that causes an object to turn

  • Torque must be perpendicular to the displacement to cause a rotation

  • The further away the force is applied from the point of rotation, the more leverage you obtain, so this distance is known as the lever arm (r)

    - Line of Action

  • C:\25225E85\B09A51C6-0574-4A0C-A2C1-496768C10C63_files\image215.png

  • C:\25225E85\B09A51C6-0574-4A0C-A2C1-496768C10C63_files\image216.png

Direction of the Torque Vector

  • The direction of the torque vector is perpendicular to both the position vector and the force vector

  • You can find the direction using the right-hand rule. Point the fingers of your right hand in the direction of the line of action, and bend you fingers in the direction of the force

  • You thumb then points in the direction of your torque

  • Note that positive torques cause counter-clockwise rotation, and negative torques cause clockwise rotation

Newton's Second Law: Translational vs. Rotational

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  • C:\25225E85\B09A51C6-0574-4A0C-A2C1-496768C10C63_files\image218.png

Equilibrium

  • Static Equilibrium implies that the net force and the net torque are zero, and the system is at rest

  • Dynamic Equilibrium implies that the net force and the net torque are zero, and the system is moving at constant translational and rotational velocity

Example 1: See-Saw Problem

  • A 10-kg tortoise sits on a see-saw 1 meter from the fulcrum.

  • Where must a 2-kg hare sit in order to maintain static equilibrium?

  • What is the force on the fulcrum?

    C:\25225E85\B09A51C6-0574-4A0C-A2C1-496768C10C63_files\image219.png

Example 2: Beam Problem

  • C:\25225E85\B09A51C6-0574-4A0C-A2C1-496768C10C63_files\image220.png

  • Find the beam's angular acceleration

    C:\25225E85\B09A51C6-0574-4A0C-A2C1-496768C10C63_files\image221.png

    _ — 33 Cos 9

Example 3: Pulley with Mass

  • A light string attached to a mass m is wrapped around a pulley of mass mp</sub and radius R. Find the acceleration of the mass

    C:\25225E85\B09A51C6-0574-4A0C-A2C1-496768C10C63_files\image223.png

    C:\25225E85\B09A51C6-0574-4A0C-A2C1-496768C10C63_files\image224.png

    C:\25225E85\B09A51C6-0574-4A0C-A2C1-496768C10C63_files\image225.png

Example 4: Net Torque

  • A system of three wheels fixed to each other is free to rotate about an axis through its center. Forces are exerted on the wheels as shown. What is the magnitude of the net torque on the wheels?

    IR) + - Z.5FR 3F

Example 5: Café Sign

  • A 3-kg café sign is hung from a 1-kg horizontal pole as shown. A wire is attached to prevent the sign from rotating.

  • Find the tension in the wire

    lm 3 kg

2008 Free Response Question 2

Hinge Mech. 2. Spring scale 300 2.0 kg O. 60 m 0.50 kg The horizontal uniform rod shown above has length 0.60 m and mass 2.0 kg. The left end of the rod is attached to a vertical support by a frictionless hinge that allows the rod to swing up or down. The right end of the rod is supported by a cord that makes an angle of 300 with the rod. A spring scale of negligible mass measures the tension in the cord. A 0.50 kg block is also attached to the right end of the rod. (a) On the diagram below, draw and label vectors to represent all the forces acting on the rod. Show each force vector originating at its point of application. (b) Calculate the reading on the spring scale. (c) The rotational inertia of a rod about its center is ML2 , where M is the mass of the rod and L is its length. 12 Calculate the rotational inertia of the rod-block system about the hinge. (d) If the cord that supports the rod is cut near the end of the rod, calculate the initial angular acceleration of the rod-block system about the hinge.

a)

物 ・ び 0 2 ラ 元 : ぞ て 2 尸 ャ " ユ ・ ゴ ユ つ イ ん = ′ ・ ・ エ ヒ + 他 江 = 生 ( フ

ド ヾ ~ 置 ー ( こ " ( ゞ 心

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